Macroencapsulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSPV002C as nutritional supplement for piglets: Storage stability and survival in gastrointestinal conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of the encapsulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSPV002C in macrocapsules made from industrial materials during production, storage and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro and in vivo. The production of macrocapsules involved the evaluation of different wall materials (matrix), namely, gelatin and pregelatinized starch, different inoculums, matrix ratios, and diverse cryoprotectants (whey permeate and maltodextrin). The different macrocapsules were arranged in molds of similar size to pig pelleted food and lyophilized. Then, the viability of the macrocapsules was assessed over time during storage at different temperatures (freezing, refrigeration and room temperature) and atmospheres (vacuum and non-vaccum). The macrocapsules with 10% w/v gelatin+5% w/v pregelatinized starch, permeated (10%, w/v), with a 9:1 inoculum:matrix ratio (GS7.5P9), stored under freezing conditions and vacuum, exhibited the highest viability of L. reuteri DSPV002C (9.3 log CFU/cap until 210 d). Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the encapsulated inoculum showed less viability loss (0.58±0.09 log CFU/ml, 26.53%), compared to the free culture (1.56±0.16 log CFU/ml, 2.85%). Finally, by administering GS7.5P9 to pigs, the tolerance of the bacteria to the gastrointestinal environment was verified, with viable counts equal to or greater than 3.72 log CFU/g of fecal matter throughout the trial. In this study, a high-density carrier probiotic macrocapsule of L. reuteri DSPV002C was obtained, which displayed a long shelf life, a suitable shape to be included in pig feed and an adequate survival of viable cells at the site of action.

Evaluation of Lactobacillus Coryniformis K8 Consumption by Health Care Workers Exposed to COVID-19 (LactoCor2 Project): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Lactobacillus coryniformis K8 CECT5711 has immune-modulating properties, enhances the immune response to viral antigens leading to the production of specific antibodies, and has anti-inflammatory activity, which may help to prevent uncontrolled inflammatory processes leading to respiratory and other organ failures. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the consumption of a probiotic strain on the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in health personnel who carry out their professional work among patients with infection or suspected infection by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: This is a double-blind randomized clinical trial in which the experimental group will receive a capsule of L coryniformis K8 per day (3×109 colony former units/day), and the control group will receive a daily placebo capsule consisting of maltodextrin. A sample size of 314 volunteers was calculated. Volunteers must meet the following inclusion criteria: older than 20 years and active health personnel caring for patients with COVID-19, including all professionals such as medical doctors, nurses, and caretakers at the 2 referral hospitals that treat patients with COVID-19. The main outcome of the clinical trial will be the incidence of symptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 in personnel who care for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. RESULTS: The study had to be extended to the 2 referral hospitals that treat patients with COVID-19 in the province of Granada (Andalusia, Spain); Hospital San Cecilio and Hospital Virgen de las Nieves. A total of 255 individuals met the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to one of the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this randomized controlled trial will provide valuable information regarding the administration of L coryniformis K8 against COVID-19, including whether there are fewer infectious processes due to this virus or, in case of occurrence, whether the disease is milder in participants taking the probiotic strain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04366180; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04366180. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/37857.

A doença de Alzheimer e sua relação com o eixo microbiota-intestino-cérebro / Alzheimer's disease and its relationship with the microbiota-gut-brain axis

ABSTRACT Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Several pathways enable bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS), the intestine and its microbiota, constituting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Objective: Review the pathophysiology of AD, relate it to the microbiota-gut-brain axis and discuss the possibility of using probiotics in the treatment and/or prevention of this disease. Methods: Search of articles from the PubMed database published in the last 5 years (2017 to 2022) structure the narrative review. Results: The composition of the gut microbiota influences the CNS, resulting in changes in host behavior and may be related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Some metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, while other compounds produced by the microbiota during the fermentation of food in the intestine, such as D-glutamate and fatty acids short chain, are beneficial in cognitive function. The consumption of live microorganisms beneficial to health, known as probiotics, has been tested in laboratory animals and humans to evaluate the effect on AD. Conclusion: Although there are few clinical trials evaluating the effect of probiotic consumption in humans with AD, the results to date indicate a beneficial contribution of the use of probiotics in this disease.

RESUMO Contexto: A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa progressiva e irreversível, caracterizada pelo acúmulo de placas amiloides e emaranhados neurofibrilares no cérebro. Diversas vias possibilitam uma comunicação bidirecional entre o sistema nervoso central (SNC), o intestino e sua microbiota, constituindo o eixo microbiota-intestino-cérebro. Objetivo Revisar a fisiopatogenia da DA, relacioná-la com o eixo microbiota-intestino-cérebro e discutir sobre a possibilidade do uso de probióticos no tratamento e/ou prevenção desta doença. Métodos: Busca de artigos da base de dados PubMed publicados nos últimos 5 anos (2017 a 2022) para estruturar a revisão narrativa. Resultados A composição da microbiota intestinal influencia o SNC, resultando em modificações no comportamento do hospedeiro e pode estar relacionada com o desenvolvimento de doenças neurodegenerativas. Alguns metabólitos produzidos pela microbiota intestinal, como o N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO), podem estar envolvidos na patogênese da DA, enquanto, outros compostos produzidos pela microbiota durante a fermentação de alimentos no intestino, como o D-glutamato e os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, são profícuos na função cognitiva. O consumo de microrganismos vivos benéficos à saúde, os probióticos, tem sido testado em animais de laboratório e humanos para avaliação do efeito na DA. Conclusão Embora haja poucos ensaios clínicos que avaliem o efeito do consumo de probióticos em humanos com DA, os resultados até o momento indicam uma contribuição benéfica do uso de probióticos nesta doença.

Perfil de consumidores e sua percepção sobre antepasto de grão de bico contendo bactéria probiótica / Consumer profile and their perception of chickpea antipasto containing probiotic bacteria

Introdução: A indústria de alimentos e os pesquisadores têm-se dedicado a desenvolver novos produtos funcionais, com características mais naturais. Assim, estudos que identifiquem a demanda dos consumidores buscando atender seus anseios são importantes. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil e a percepção de consumidores sobre antepastos, probióticos e a intenção de compras de um antepasto de grão de bico adicionado de bactéria probiótica. Método: A avaliação foi realizada de forma on-line, por meio de questionário contendo 33 questões respondidas por 322 participantes. Nuvens de palavras foram elaboradas com os resultados obtidos. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes reside na Região Sudeste, 72,7% são do gênero feminino, 37,3% possuem renda familiar de até três salários mínimos, 75,8% sabem o que é antepasto e mais da metade já consumiu grão de bico e conhece seus benefícios. Mais de 84,0% dos participantes sabem o que são probióticos e 90,1% já consumiram produtos probióticos de base láctea. Entretanto, 78,0% demonstraram interesse por opções de produtos probióticos de origem vegetal. Sobre as características que os participantes consideram que melhor descrevem o antepasto, as mais citadas foram: pastoso, macio, agridoce, salgado e firme. A nuvem de palavras mostrou que os respondentes associam probióticos à saúde intestinal e 36% deles estariam dispostos a comprar antepasto de grão de bico contendo probiótico se o produto estivesse disponível no mercado. Conclusão: O estudo indica que os consumidores têm interesse por grão de bico e probióticos, havendo uma demanda potencial por alimentos de origem vegetal contendo probióticos.

Introduction: The food industry and researchers have been dedicated to developing new functional products with more natural characteristics. Thus, studies that identify the demand of consumers seeking to meet their desires are important. Objective: To evaluate the profile and perception of consumers about antipasti, probiotics and purchase intention of a chickpea antipasti added with probiotic bacteria. Method: The evaluation was carried out online, through a questionnaire sent to 322 participants, containing 33 questions. Word clouds were created with the results obtained. Results: Most participants live in the Southeast region, 72.7% are female, 37.3% have a family income of up to three minimum wages, 75.8% know what antipasto is and more than half have consumed beak and knows its benefits. More than 84.0% of the participants know what probiotics are and 90.1% have already consumed dairy-based probiotic products. However, 78.0% showed interest in options for probiotic products of plant origin. About the characteristics that the participants consider that best describe the antipasto, the most cited were: Pasty, Soft, Bittersweet, Salty and Firm. The word cloud showed that respondents associate probiotics with gut health and 36% of those would be willing to buy probiotic-containing chickpea antipasto if the product were available on the market. Conclusion: The study indicates that consumers are interested in chickpeas and probiotics, with a potential demand for plant-based foods containing probiotics.

Alteración de la microbiota intestinal y su relación con enfermedades gastrointestinales y hepatobiliares / Disruption of the intestinal microbiota and its relationship with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases

La interrupción de la simbiosis que existe entre el cuerpo humano y su microbioma puede resultar en una disbiosis, un desequilibrio en la interacción huésped-microbiota, que puede asociarse al desarrollo de diversas enfermedades como el síndrome de intestino irritable, hígado graso no alco-hólico, enfermedad hepática alcohólica y cirrosis, entre otras. En ciertas condiciones patológicas y por múltiples factores de riesgo, la capacidad de autorregulación del intestino se puede alterar, contribuyendo al incremento de la permeabilidad con inflamación intestinal crónica. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento, así como la relación entre la permeabilidad intestinal, la disbiosis y las patologías gastrointestinales y hepatobiliares, todavía no tienen estudios clínicos validados o con el soporte científico adecuado, por lo que se realiza una revisión de la literatura con la finalidad de aportar conceptos que puedan orientar con respecto a la importancia del estudio del microbioma humano en estas enfermedades.

Disruption of the symbiosis that exists between the human body and its microbiome can result in dys-biosis, an imbalance in the host-microbiota interaction, which may be associated with the develop-ment of various diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis, among others. In certain pathological conditions and due to multiple risk factors, the self-regulating capacity of the intestine may be lost, contributing to increased permeability with chronic intestinal inflammation. Its diagnosis and treatment as well as the relationship between intestinal permeability, dysbiosis and gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary pathologies have not been validated in clinical studies or have adequate scientific support, so a review of the literature is carried out in order to provide concepts that can guide with respect to the importance of the study of the human microbiome in these diseases

Efeitos de probióticos e posbióticos na saúde óssea / Effects of probiotics and postbiotics in bone health

O envelhecimento da população tem sido acompanhado por um aumento significativo nas doenças crônicas, com destaque para a osteoporose. A busca por tratamentos alternativos tem levado ao estudo dos probióticos para prevenção e tratamento da perda óssea pós-menopáusica, com resultados encorajadores. Embora os benefícios dos probióticos sejam numerosos, eles são bactérias vivas e a administração de organismos vivos não é isenta de riscos. Os posbióticos são probióticos inativados ou seus produtos, e poucos são os estudos que avaliam seus efeitos ósseos. Nós revisamos a literatura sobre probióticos e posbióticos na saúde óssea e avaliamos os efeitos de Limosilactobacillus reuteri 6475 viável e inativado por calor em camundongos ovariectomizados. Mecanismos de ação semelhantes, como modulação da expressão de citocinas e ativação de sistemas de sinalização celular, são observados em probióticos e posbióticos, e os últimos têm vantagens como maior estabilidade e facilidade de incorporação em alimentos, embora seus efeitos a longo prazo, estabilidade e modo de ação ainda precisem ser estudados. Para que estas terapias sejam validadas clinicamente, é fundamental padronizar metodologias, aumentar o tamanho das amostras, realizar estudos randomizados e cegos, e definir detalhes como cepa, dose e duração do tratamento. Em um estudo in vivo, avaliamos os efeitos de L. reuteri (ATCC PTA 6475), e sua forma inativada (heat-killed) na perda óssea induzida por ovariectomia (ovx). Camundongos adultos, fêmeas, foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: controle (sham); Ovx; Ovx + posbiótico; Ovx + probiótico. L. reuteri foi administrado aos grupos (109 UFC/dia) por gavagem. O tratamento se iniciou uma semana após a ovx e teve duração de 28 dias. Na análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, o probiótico manteve sua estrutura intacta, e no posbiótico foram observados alguns rompimentos na superfície celular. Foi avaliada a microarquitetura de fêmur, utilizando microtomografia computadorizada. Análise de expressão gênica em íleo foi feita para avaliar junções intercelulares intestinais e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, por meio dos marcadores Ocludina, Tnf-α e Il6. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste estatístico mais conveniente (α = 0,05). Os grupos Ovx apresentaram menor porcentagem de volume ósseo (BV/TV), menor número de trabéculas ósseas e maior porosidade total, em comparação ao grupo controle, porém os grupos que receberam L. reuteri apresentaram maior BV/TV quando comparados ao grupo Ovx. O tratamento com L. reuteri em suas duas formas levou à maior espessura trabecular, quando comparados ao controle e ao grupo Ovx. Todos apresentaram semelhança na expressão gênica da Ocludina, Tnf-α e Il-6 em intestino. Ambas as formas, viável e inativada por calor, preveniram a perda óssea induzida por depleção de estrógeno (AU)

The aging of the population has been accompanied by a significant increase in chronic diseases, with osteoporosis standing out. The search for alternative treatments has led to the study of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal bone loss, with encouraging results. Although the benefits of probiotics are numerous, they are live bacteria, and the administration of live organisms is not risk-free. Postbiotics are inactivated probiotics or their products, and few studies have evaluated their bone effects. We reviewed the literature on probiotics and postbiotics in bone health and assessed the effects of both viable and heat-killed Limosilactobacillus reuteri 6475 in ovariectomized mice. Similar mechanisms of action, such as the modulation of cytokine expression and activation of cellular signaling pathways, are observed in probiotics and postbiotics, and the latter have advantages such as greater stability and ease of incorporation into food, although their long-term effects, stability, and mode of action still need to be studied. To clinically validate these therapies, it is crucial to standardize methodologies, increase sample sizes, conduct randomized and blinded studies, and define details such as strain, dosage, and treatment duration. In an in vivo study, we evaluated the effects of L. reuteri (ATCC PTA 6475) and its heat-killed form on ovariectomy (ovx)-induced bone loss. Adult female mice were randomly divided into four groups: control (sham); OVX; OVX + postbiotic; OVX + probiotic. L. reuteri was administered to the groups (109 CFU/day) by gavage. Treatment began one week after ovx and lasted for 28 days. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the probiotic maintained its intact structure, while some cell surface disruptions were observed in the postbiotic. Femur microarchitecture was evaluated using computerized microtomography. Gene expression analysis in the ileum was performed to assess intestinal intercellular junctions and pro-inflammatory cytokines, using markers Ocludin, Tnf-α, and Il-6. The data were subjected to the most appropriate statistical test (α = 0.05). The Ovx groups showed a lower percentage of bone volume (BV/TV), a lower number of trabecular bones, and greater total porosity compared to the control group. However, the groups that received L. reuteri showed higher BV/TV compared to the Ovx group. Treatment with both forms of L. reuteri led to greater trabecular thickness compared to the control and Ovx groups. All groups exhibited similarity in the gene expression of Ocludin, Tnf-α, and Il-6 in the intestine. Both viable and heatkilled forms prevented estrogen depletion-induced bone loss (AU)

Probiotics in the treatment of infantile colic: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction: Introduction: infantile colic has always been a problem for caregivers, and research on probiotics in treating and preventing infant colic is still controversial. Material and methods: trials were performed before November 2021 and retrieved from the PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Medline, and Google Scholar databases. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the trials were performed independently by two investigators. A meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. It includes nine randomized controlled trials in 587 infants with colic. Results: eight of these experiments described probiotics for the prevention and treatment of intestinal colic in infants, with 228 in the probiotics group and 227 in the placebo group, with a total effective rate (RR = 1.88, 95 % CI: 1.61 to 2.19, p < 0.00001). Conclusion: probiotics may improve therapeutic and preventive effects, especially within four weeks of probiotic treatment.

Introducción: Introducción: el cólico infantil siempre ha sido un problema para los cuidadores y la investigación sobre los probióticos para tratar y prevenir el cólico infantil sigue siendo controvertida. Material y métodos: los ensayos se realizaron antes de noviembre de 2021 y se recuperaron de las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Medline y Google Scholar. Dos investigadores realizaron de forma independiente la extracción de datos y la evaluación de la calidad de los ensayos. Se realizó un metaanálisis utilizando Review Manager 5.3. Incluye nueve ensayos controlados aleatorios en 587 lactantes con cólicos. Resultados: ocho de estos experimentos describieron probióticos para la prevención y el tratamiento del cólico intestinal en lactantes, con 228 en el grupo de probióticos y 227 en el grupo de placebo, con una tasa efectiva total (RR = 1,88, IC del 95 %: 1,61 a 2,19, p < 0,00001). Conclusión: los probióticos pueden mejorar los efectos terapéuticos y preventivos, especialmente dentro de las cuatro semanas posteriores al tratamiento con los mismos.

Probiotics in the treatment of infantile colic: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / Probióticos en el tratamiento del cólico infantil: un metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorios

Introduction: infantile colic has always been a problem for caregivers, and research on probiotics in treating and preventing infant colic is still controversial. Material and methods: trials were performed before November 2021 and retrieved from the PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Medline, and Google Scholar databases. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the trials were performed independently by two investigators. A meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. It includes nine randomized controlled trials in 587 infants with colic. Results: eight of these experiments described probiotics for the prevention and treatment of intestinal colic in infants, with 228 in the probiotics group and 227 in the placebo group, with a total effective rate (RR = 1.88, 95 % CI: 1.61 to 2.19, p < 0.00001). Conclusion: probiotics may improve therapeutic and preventive effects, especially within four weeks of probiotic treatment. (AU)

Introducción: el cólico infantil siempre ha sido un problema para los cuidadores y la investigación sobre los probióticos para tratar y prevenir el cólico infantil sigue siendo controvertida. Material y métodos: los ensayos se realizaron antes de noviembre de 2021 y se recuperaron de las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Medline y Google Scholar. Dos investigadores realizaron de forma independiente la extracción de datos y la evaluación de la calidad de los ensayos. Se realizó un metaanálisis utilizando Review Manager 5.3. Incluye nueve ensayos controlados aleatorios en 587 lactantes con cólicos. Resultados: ocho de estos experimentos describieron probióticos para la prevención y el tratamiento del cólico intestinal en lactantes, con 228 en el grupo de probióticos y 227 en el grupo de placebo, con una tasa efectiva total (RR = 1,88, IC del 95 %: 1,61 a 2,19, p < 0,00001). Conclusión: los probióticos pueden mejorar los efectos terapéuticos y preventivos, especialmente dentro de las cuatro semanas posteriores al tratamiento con los mismos. (AU)

[Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (B. infantis IM-1®) shows activity against intestinal pathogens]. / Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (B. infantis IM-1®) muestra actividad frente a patógenos intestinales.

Introduction: Diarrhea caused by severe acute gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of infant mortality in children under 5 years of age. Therefore, it is interesting to perform a preclinical and clinical validation of the efficacy of B. longum subsp. infantis IM-1® against various gastrointestinal pathogens. B. infantis IM-1® was evaluated against different gastrointestinal pathogens that cause diarrhea in infants, using in vitro models, animal models, and clinical studies. B. infantis IM-1® is able in an in vitro model of MA-104 and HT-29 cells to inhibit rotavirus replication (up to 36.05%) as well as to protect cells from infection due to rotavirus (up to 48.50 %). An 11-amino acid peptide (MHQPHQPLPPT) with a molecular mass of 1,282 KDa produced by this probiotic with antirotaviral capacity has been identified. In a murine model, the IM-1® strain has been shown to provide in vivo protection against rotavirus infection. In adhesion experiments with HT29, IM-1® was able to displace some pathogens from the enterocyte, especially Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica, and prevent the adhesion of C. sakazakii and Shigella sonnei. In a clinical study with 190 babies under 3 months of age, IM-1® reduced episodes of diarrhea, being safe, well tolerated and associated with a lower prevalence of constipation. B. infantis IM-1® is a safe, well tolerated and effective probiotic in reducing episodes of diarrhea caused by the main gastrointestinal pathogens in infants.

Introducción: La diarrea causada por gastroenteritis agudas graves es una de las principales causas de mortalidad infantil en niños menores de 5 años. Por ello es interesante realizar una validación preclínica y clínica de la eficacia de B. longum subsp. infantis IM-1® frente a diversos patógenos gastrointestinales. El B. infantis IM-1® fue evaluado frente a diferentes patógenos gastrointestinales causantes de diarrea en bebés utilizando modelos in vitro, modelos animales y estudios clínicos. B. infantis IM-1® es capaz en un modelo in vitro de células MA-104 y HT-29 de inhibir la replicación de rotavirus (hasta un 36,05 %), así como de proteger las células de la infección por rotavirus (hasta un 48,50 %). Se ha identificado un péptido de 11 aminoácidos (MHQPHQPLPPT) con una masa molecular de 1282 KDa producido por este probiótico con capacidad antirotaviral. En un modelo murino, la cepa IM-1® ha demostrado proporcionar protección in vivo contra la infección por rotavirus. En experimentos de adhesión con HT29, IM-1® fue capaz de desplazar algunos patógenos del enterocito, especialmente C. sakazakii y Salmonella entérica, e impedir la adhesión de C. sakazakii y Shigella sonnei. En un estudio clínico con 190 bebés de menos de 3 meses de edad IM-1® redujo los episodios de diarrea. Fue seguro, se toleró bien y se asoció con una menor prevalencia de estreñimiento. B. infantis IM-1® es un probiótico seguro, que se tolera bien y es eficaz en la reducción de los episodios de diarrea causados por los principales patógenos gastrointestinales en bebés.

Fecal bacterial microbiota in constipated patients before and after eight weeks of daily Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 administration.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: In recent years, probiotics have been used in functional gastrointestinal disorders, including chronic constipation (CC). The effect of Bifidobacterium infantis strain 35624 on the gut microbiota of CC patients has not been previously studied. Our aim was to analyze the fecal microbiota of constipated patients, before and after consuming a single-strain probiotic (B. infantis strain 35624). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to analyze the fecal microbiota of female patients (n=13) with CC. Patients were instructed to ingest one capsule of Alflorex® (containing 1×109 CFUs/g B. infantis strain 35624) daily for eight weeks. Fecal samples were obtained at the baseline and end (final) of probiotic administration. RESULTS: Alpha diversity metrics did not differ between the baseline and final periods. The butyrate producer, Oscillospira, was the taxon most strongly correlated with amplicon sequence variants (R2=0.55, p<0.0001). Except for a few bacterial taxa, there were no significant differences in relative abundance between the baseline and final periods. Beta-diversity measures also showed limited evidence for the differences between the two time periods. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the fecal bacterial microbiota remains stable in constipated women consuming a single-strain probiotic. Those findings may be helpful in better understanding probiotic functioning in patients with digestive disorders.

Eje cerebro intestino microbiota. Importancia en la práctica clínica

El eje cerebro-intestino-microbiota es un complejo bidireccional que comunica al sistema nervioso central con el aparato digestivo. Las alteraciones en la composición de la microbiota intestinal se han relacionado con la presencia de enfermedades digestivas y extradigestivas tales como las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas. La disbiosis predispone a la aparición de alteraciones en la permeabilidad intestinal, lo cual facilita la liberación de neurotransmisores y citoquinas que generan las condiciones propicias para que aparezca un estado conocido como neuroinflamación, que parece ser clave en la fisiopatogenia de las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas. En virtud de estos datos, la modulación de la microbiota a través de cambios en la dieta, antibióticos y probióticos, podría ser una alternativa útil, no sólo para el tratamiento de enfermedades digestivas sino también de trastornos extra digestivos como las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas.

The brain-gut-microbiota axis is a bidirectional complex that connects the central nervous system with the digestive system. Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been linked to the presence of digestive and extradigestive diseases such as neuropsychiatric diseases. Dysbiosis predisposes to the appearance of alterations in intestinal permeability, which facilitates the release of neurotransmitters and cytokines that generate favorable conditions for the appearance of a state known as neuroinflammation, which seems to be key in the physiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. Based on these data, the modulation of the microbiota through changes in diet, antibiotics and probiotics could be a useful alternative, not only for the treatment of digestive diseases but also extra-digestive disorders such as neuropsychiatric diseases.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (B. infantis IM-1®) muestra actividad frente a patógenos intestinales / Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (B. infantis IM-1®) shows activity against intestinal pathogens

La diarrea causada por gastroenteritis agudas graves es una de las principales causas de mortalidad infantil en niños menores de 5 años. Por ello es interesante realizar una validación preclínica y clínica de la eficacia de B. longum subsp. infantis IM-1® frente a diversos patógenos gastrointestinales. El B. infantis IM-1® fue evaluado frente a diferentes patógenos gastrointestinales causantes de diarrea en bebés utilizando modelos in vitro, modelos animales y estudios clínicos.B. infantis IM-1® es capaz en un modelo in vitro de células MA-104 y HT-29 de inhibir la replicación de rotavirus (hasta un 36,05 %), así como de proteger las células de la infección por rotavirus (hasta un 48,50 %). Se ha identificado un péptido de 11 aminoácidos (MHQPHQPLPPT) con una masa molecular de 1282 KDa producido por este probiótico con capacidad antirotaviral. En un modelo murino, la cepa IM-1® ha demostrado proporcionar protección in vivo contra la infección por rotavirus. En experimentos de adhesión con HT29, IM-1® fue capaz de desplazar algunos patógenos del enterocito, especialmente C. sakazakii y Salmonella entérica, e impedir la adhesión de C. sakazakii y Shigella sonnei. En un estudio clínico con 190 bebés de menos de 3 meses de edad IM-1® redujo los episodios de diarrea. Fue seguro, se toleró bien y se asoció con una menor prevalencia de estreñimiento.B. infantis IM-1® es un probiótico seguro, que se tolera bien y es eficaz en la reducción de los episodios de diarrea causados por los principales patógenos gastrointestinales en bebés. (AU)

Diarrhea caused by severe acute gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of infant mortality in children under 5 years of age. Therefore, it is interesting to perform a preclinical and clinical validation of the efficacy of B. longum subsp. infantis IM-1R against various gastrointestinal pathogens. B. infantis IM-1R was evaluated against different gastrointestinal pathogens that cause diarrhea in infants, using in vitro models, animal models, and clinical studies.B. infantis IM-1R is able in an in vitro model of MA-104 and HT-29 cells to inhibit rotavirus replication (up to 36.05%) as well as to protect cells from infection due to rotavirus (up to 48.50 %). An 11-amino acid peptide (MHQPHQPLPPT) with a molecular mass of 1,282 KDa produced by this probiotic with antirotaviral capacity has been identified. In a murine model, the IM-1R strain has been shown to provide in vivo protection against rotavirus infection. In adhesion experiments with HT29, IM-1R was able to displace some pathogens from the enterocyte, especially Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica, and prevent the adhesion of C. sakazakii and Shigella sonnei. In a clinical study with 190 babies under 3 months of age, IM-1R reduced episodes of diarrhea, being safe, well tolerated and associated with a lower prevalence of constipation.B. infantis IM-1R is a safe, well tolerated and effective probiotic in reducing episodes of diarrhea caused by the main gastrointestinal pathogens in infants. (AU)

Evidencias clínicas del uso de moduladores de la microbiota intestinal para el tratamiento de trastornos mentales: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática / Clinical evidence about the use of gut microbiota modulators as treatment for mental health disorders: A systematic review

Existe una asociación entre la disbiosis intestinal, el eje intestino-cerebro y la salud mental. Empleando las bases de datos PubMed, Embase y Web of Science se realizó una revisión sistemática para analizar ensayos clínicos que evalúen el uso de moduladores de la microbiota intestinal en el tratamiento de trastornos mentales. La calidad metodológica de los estudios encontrados se evaluó utilizando la guía CONSORT. Únicamente 8 artículos fueron aptos para el análisis propuesto: 5 correspondían a pacientes con depresión y únicamente uno correspondía ya fuera a esquizofrenia, trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad o Alzheimer. Es posible concluir que los moduladores de la microbiota pueden ser una terapia coadyuvante efectiva junto a los medicamentos antidepresivos y antipsicóticos tradicionales. La heterogeneidad de las intervenciones, el pequeño tamaño de la muestra, la falta de evaluación de la microbiota intestinal y el autorreporte de síntomas son limitantes que deben solventarse antes de concluir. Número de registro PROSPERO: CRD42020202938. (AU)

There is an association between intestinal dysbiosis, the gut–brain axis and mental health. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for analysing clinical trials in which microbiota modulators are used in mental health disorders for this systematic review. An evaluation of each study was made using CONSORT and only eight articles were suitable for this analysis: five were in depressive patients, and only one corresponded to either schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or Alzheimer's disease. It is possible to conclude that microbiota modulators might be effective coadjuvants in traditional antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs treatment. However, the heterogeneity of interventions, small sample size, lack of intestinal microbiota assessment and symptoms auto report should be addressed before a conclusion can be made. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020202938. (AU)

Functional beverage design based on fresh milk, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) beverage and oatmeal (Avena sativa)

ABSTRACT The tarwi is an Andean legume with a high nutritional value from which a vegetable beverage can be obtained. Cereals, like oat, have good characteristics as a prebiotic for the production of functional drinks, whose consumption is currently increasing. The objective of the research was to design a probiotic fermented beverage based on fresh milk, tarwi beverage, and oatmeal. An optimal treatment consisted of 1.9% oatmeal, 39.9% tarwi beverage, 46.2% fresh milk, 10.0% honey, and 2.0% probiotic culture; determined by applying a rotatable central composite design of surface response methodology. It had a probiotic count of 3.47x108 cfu/mL, a protein content of 3.75%, and overall acceptability of 7 points, which corresponds to "I like it very much". The result was experimentally validated. Likewise, the shelf life of the optimal beverage was 20 days at 5 °C with appropriate functional, nutritional, and sensory characteristics.

RESUMEN El tarwi es una leguminosa andina con un alto valor nutricional a partir de la cual se puede obtener una bebida vegetal, los cereales como la avena tienen mejores características como prebióticos para la producción de bebidas funcionales, cuyo consumo está aumentando actualmente. El objetivo de la investigación fue diseñar la formulación de una bebida fermentada probiótica a base de leche fresca, bebida de tarwi y avena. Se determinó un tratamiento óptimo que consistió en 1,9% de avena, 39,9% de bebida de tarwi, 46,2% de leche fresca, 10,0% de miel y 2,0% de cultivo probiótico; mediante la aplicación de un diseño compuesto central rotable de metodología de respuesta de superficie. Se reportó un recuento de probióticos de 3,47x108 ufc/mL, un contenido de proteínas de 3,8% y una aceptabilidad general de 7 puntos, que corresponde a "Me gusta mucho"; el resultado fue validado experimentalmente. Asimismo, la vida útil de la bebida óptima fue de 20 días de almacenamiento a 5 °C con características funcionales, nutricionales y sensoriales apropiadas.

Viabilidad de Lactobacillus plantarum microencapsulado bajo condiciones gastrointestinales simuladas e inhibición sobre Escherichia coli O157:H7 / Viability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and inhibition against Escherichia coli O157:H7

RESUMEN Los Lactobacillus inhiben múltiples agentes patógenos causales de toxiinfecciones alimentarias, relacionándose su mecanismo de acción con la modulación del sistema inmune. Por su parte, E. coli O157:H7 es considerado un microorganismo causal de alteraciones, principalmente, a nivel intestinal y renal y es encontrado, por lo general, en matrices alimentarias contaminadas o en mal estado. La incidencia de este tipo de problemática se ha relacionado a la resistencia a los antibióticos, que limita su control y mitigación de manera eficaz. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto inhibitorio de Lactobacillus plantarum microencapsulado in vitro sobre Escherichia coli O157:H7, con el fin de encontrar estrategias inocuas para el control de agentes patógenos. Se determinó la cinética de fermentación, evaluando variables, como consumo de azúcar, producción de proteínas, acidez, pH y fase logarítmica (UFC/mL). La microencapsulación, se realizó mediante la técnica de spray drying, utilizando inulina y maltodextrina, como materiales encapsulantes. Se determinó la viabilidad de L. plantarum bajo condiciones gastrointestinales simuladas. Además, se evaluaron las características físicas del microorganismo microencapsulado y el efecto inhibitorio de L. plantarum y su sobrenadante sobre E. coli O157:H7. Posteriormente, se valoró la susceptibilidad de ambas cepas a diferentes antibióticos. Como resultado, se encontró resistencia de ambas cepas a algunos antibióticos evaluados, como penicilina. La cepa láctica y el sobrenadante inhibieron el crecimiento de E. coli O157:H7. L. plantarum presentó una viabilidad óptima a condiciones gastrointestinales simuladas después de 45 días de almacenamiento (1,4x107-3,0x1010UFC/150µL). La microencapsulación incrementa su vialidad y su establecimiento en el huésped.

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus inhibit multiple pathogens that cause food poisoning, and their mechanism of action is related to the modulation of the immune system. E. coli O157:H7 is considered a causal microorganism of alterations, mainly at intestinal and renal level, and is generally found in contaminated or spoiled food matrices. The incidence of this type of problem has been related to antibiotic resistance, which limits its effective control and mitigation. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum in vitro on Escherichia coli O157:H7, in order to find innocuous strategies for the control of pathogens. Fermentation kinetics were determined by evaluating variables such as sugar consumption, protein production, acidity, pH and logarithmic phase (CFU/mL). Microencapsulation was performed by spray drying, using inulin and maltodextrin as encapsulating materials. The viability of L. plantarum was determined under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, the physical characteristics of the microencapsulated microorganism and the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum and its supernatant on E. coli O157:H7 were evaluated. Subsequently, the susceptibility of both strains to different antibiotics was evaluated. As a result, resistance of both strains to some of the antibiotics evaluated, such as penicillin, was found. The lactic strain and the supernatant inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7. L. plantarum showed optimal viability at simulated gastrointestinal conditions after 45 days of storage (1.4x107-3.0x1010CFU/150µL). Microencapsulation increases its viability and establishment in the host.

Low-cost culture medium for biomass production of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential destined to broilers / Desarrollo de un medio de cultivo de bajo costo para la producción de biomasa potencialmente probiótica destinado a pollos parrilleros

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate different low-cost culture media for biomass production of 3 potential probiotic L. salivarius strains, which could be destined to broilers at farms. Different formulated media based on whey permeate (WP) supplemented with nitrogenous sources were evaluated: yeast extract (YE), whey hydrolysate (WH) and MnSO..H.O (Mn), MgSO..7H.O (Mg). The growth of each strain in the formulated media and the cost was compared with their growth and cost in commercial medium (MRS). L. salivarius DSPV008P did not grow adequately in any of the formulated media. On the other hand, addition of YE and Mn in the formulated media increased L. salivarius DSPV002P and L. salivarius DPSV011P growth. In contrast, WH and Mg addition increased the L. salivarius DSPV002P biomass only. L. salivarius DSPV011P was the only strain that had similar growth performance in MRS as in the selected medium: WP + YE 8g/l + Mn. In this sense, L. salivarius DSPV011P reached a biomass of 9.22 Log (CFU/ml) in the selected formulated medium, with a low-cost growth medium 12 times less than in MRS. Although the effect of supplements added to the culture medium on kinetic parameters are strain dependent, L. salivarius DSPV011P is the strain with the best technological characteristics, capable of growing in a medium based on a by-product of the dairy industry supplemented with YE and Mn and at a much less cost than in MRS medium.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar diferentes medios de cultivo de bajo costo para la producción de biomasa de 3 cepas potencialmente probióticas de L. salivarius, las cuales podrían ser destinadas a pollos parrilleros en las granjas. Para ello se evaluaron diferentes formulaciones basadas en permeado de suero de queso (WP) suplementado con fuentes nitrogenadas: extracto de levadura (YE) e hidrolizado de suero (WH) y MnSO..H.O (Mn), MgSO..7H.O (Mg). El crecimiento de las cepas en estas formulaciones y el costo económico fue comparado con el crecimiento y costo en el medio de cultivo comercial (MRS). L. salivarius DSPV008P no creció adecuadamente en ninguno de los medios evaluados. Por otro lado, la adición del YE y Mg al medio mejoró el desarrollo microbiano de L. salivarius DSPV002P y L. salivarius DPSV011P. El agregado de WH y Mn solo tuvo un efecto positivo en el incremento de la biomasa de L. salivarius DSPV002P. L. salivarius DSPV011P fue la única cepa que desarrolló la misma cantidad de biomasa en MRS y en el medio seleccionado WP + YE 8 g/L + Mn. L. salivarius DSPV011P logró un desarrollo de biomasa de 9.22 Log (UFC/ml) en el medio seleccionado con un costo económico 12 veces menor que en MRS. Aunque el efecto de los suplementos añadidos al medio de cultivo sobre los parámetros cinéticos depende de la cepa, L. salivarius DSPV011P es la cepa con mejores características tecnológicas, capaz de crecer en un medio a base de un subproducto de la industria láctea suplementado con YE y Mn y a un costo mucho menor que en MRS.

In vivo assessment and characterization of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic profile isolated from human milk powder.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: breast milk (MH) contains nutrients and bioactive compounds for child development, including probiotic bacteria, which contribute to intestinal maturation. This benefit accompanies the individual until adulthood. There are new methods such as spray drying that give this compound a good conservation without loss of microbiota. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze the viability of lactic acid bacteria isolated from human milk with probiotic potential after the spray drying process, as well as to evaluate the possible adhesion in the colon of mice of the Balb/C strain after feeding them powdered human milk and a commercial formula milk. Method: we isolated and identified the presence of lactic acid bacteria with possible probiotic potential in powdered human milk using the MALDI-TOF MS technique. Powdered human milk and a commercial formula milk were fed to mice of the Bald/C strain for 14 weeks. Glucose level and weight were measured in the mice. The feces were collected to verify the presence of lactic bacteria. The mice were sacrificed and their intestines were weighed, isolating the lactic acid bacteria both from the intestines and from the feces. The strains isolated from mice fed human milk were evaluated for their probiotic potential, analyzing their ability to inhibit pathogens, resistance to pH, temperature, adhesion, and hydrophobicity. Results: the presence of Lactobacillus fermentum LH01, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LH02, Lactobacullis reuteri LH03, and Lactobacillus plantarum LH05 in powdered human milk was identified. All strains showed a possible probiotic profile due to the ability of bacteria to resist low pH, bile salts, and exposure to gastric enzymes, as well as their hydrophobicity and self-aggregation capacity, and their failure to show hemagglutination or hemolysis activity in a culture medium rich in erythrocytes. We observed that the consumption of powdered human milk prevented weight gain and constipation in mice. Conclusions: after spray drying, strains with possible probiotic potential may be preserved in human milk. The consumption of powdered human milk with probiotic bacteria prevents constipation and weight gain in mice, when compared to those fed a commercial formula milk.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la leche materna (HM) contiene los nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos necesarios para el desarrollo infantil, incluidas bacterias probióticas, que contribuyen a la maduración intestinal. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la viabilidad de las bacterias acidolácticas aisladas de la leche humana con potencial probiótico, después del proceso de secado, así como evaluar su posible adhesión en el colón de ratones (BAlb/C) alimentados con leche humana en polvo y leche de una fórmula comercial. Método: se aislaron e identificaron mediante la técnica de Maldi-Tof-MS las bacterias acidolácticas con posible potencial probiótico en la leche humana en polvo. Se alimentó con leche humana en polvo y leche de una fórmula comercial a ratones de la cepa Bald/C durante 14 semanas. Se midieron el nivel de glucosa y el peso. Las heces se recolectaron para verificar la presencia de bacterias lácticas. Los ratones se sacrificaron y se pesaron los intestinos, aislando las bacterias lácticas tanto de los intestinos como de las heces. En las cepas aisladas de la leche humana se evaluó el potencial probiótico analizando su capacidad para inhibir patógenos, resistir distintos pH y temperaturas, adherirse y mostrar hidrofobicidad. Resultados: se identificó la presencia de Lactobacillus fermentum LH01, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LH02, Lactobacullis reuteri LH03 y L. plantarum LH05 en la leche humana en polvo. Todas las cepas mostraron resistencia a los pH bajos, a las sales biliares y a la exposición a enzimas gástricas, así como una buena hidrofobicidad y capacidad de autoagregación. Además, no presentaron actividad de hemaglutinación o hemólisis en un medio de cultivo rico en eritrocitos. Observamos que el consumo de leche humana en polvo evita en los ratones el aumento de peso y el estreñimiento. Conclusiones: después del secado por aspersión, las cepas con posible potencial probiótico pueden conservarse en la leche materna. El consumo de leche humana en polvo con bacterias probióticas evita el estreñimiento y el aumento de peso en los ratones, en comparación con los alimentados con leche de una formula comercial.

Are enterotypes in obese modified by bariatric surgery, the use of probiotic supplements and food habits? / Enterótipos em obesos são modificados pela cirurgia bariátrica, uso de suplementos probióticos e hábitos alimentares?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies suggest that bariatric surgery, use of probiotic supplements and the dietary pattern can change enterotypes, as well as the entire microbial population. Objective: To verify the influence of bariatric surgery, the use of probiotic supplements and eating habits on enterotypes in obese patients. Methods: Articles published between the 2015 and 2020 were searched in Lilacs and PubMed with the headings: probiotics, eating behavior, food consumption, food, diet, microbiota, gastrointestinal microbiome, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass and the keyword enterotype in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: Of the 260 articles found, only studies carried out in obese adults relating changes in the enterotype after bariatric surgery or use of probiotics or dietary patterns and original articles were selected. In the end, eight papers on enterotype change and bariatric surgery were selected and categorized, four on the relationship between food consumption and microbiota and one on the effects of probiotics on enterotypes. Conclusion: The microbial structure is widely modified after bariatric surgery, since the use of probiotic supplement does not bring lasting changes. Enterotypes appear to be shaped by long-term dietary patterns, can modulate how nutrients are metabolized and can be a useful biomarker to improve clinical management.

RESUMO Introdução: Estudos sugerem que a cirurgia bariátrica, uso de suplementos probióticos e o padrão alimentar podem mudar enterótipos, assim como toda a população microbiana. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da cirurgia bariátrica, do uso de suplementos probióticos e de hábitos alimentares nos enterótipos de pacientes obesos. Métodos: Foi realizada a busca de artigos publicados entre os anos de 2015 e 2020 nas bases de dados Lilacs e PubMed com os descritores: probióticos, comportamento alimentar, consumo alimentar, alimentação, dieta, microbiota, microbioma gastrointestinal, cirurgia bariátrica, bypass gástrico e a palavra-chave enterótipo em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Dos 260 artigos encontrados, foram selecionados os estudos originais realizados em adultos obesos relacionando mudanças de enterótipo após cirurgia bariátrica, a padrões alimentares ou ao uso de probiótico. Ao final, foram selecionados e categorizados oito estudos sobre mudança de enterótipo e cirurgia bariátrica, quatro sobre relação entre consumo alimentar e microbiota e somente um sobre efeitos dos probióticos nos enterótipos. Conclusão: A estrutura microbiana é amplamente modificada após a cirurgia bariátrica. O uso de suplemento probiótico não parece trazer mudanças duradouras. Os enterótipos parecem ser moldados por padrões alimentares em longo prazo e podem modular como os nutrientes são metabolizados, podendo vir a ser um biomarcador útil para melhorar o manejo clínico de pacientes obesos.

Probióticos: resposta emocional infantil, tendências na odontologia, conhecimento e atitudes de brasileiros / Probiotics: children's emotional response, trends in dentistry, knowledge and attitudes of Brazilians

Objetivou-se avaliar os probióticos sob três diferentes perspectivas: 1.resposta emocional infantil frente ao uso; 2.tendências de uso em estudos clínicos na odontologia; e 3.conhecimento e atitudes de brasileiros. Para isso foram realizados três estudos. O primeiro, foi composto de duas fases. Na primeira, 32 crianças e adolescentes (7-14 anos) selecionaram em uma lista contendo 33 emojis aqueles que representassem suas emoções frente ao consumo de seis leites contendo diferentes culturas probióticas. Utilizou-se o método checkall- that-apply (CATA) para a determinação da lista final dos emojis que obtiveram frequência geral de escolha maior que 10% em pelo menos uma amostra. Na segunda fase, aplicou-se a lista a 132 participantes em conjunto com uma escala facial hedônica de 9 pontos para avaliação geral de gosto. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi calculado para determinar a relação entre o gosto geral e a frequência dos emojis escolhidos na lista específica (p<0,05). Quinze emojis compuseram a lista aplicada na segunda fase. As formulações com maior preferência geral foram correlacionadas com emojis positivos e as menos apreciadas aos negativos. No segundo estudo realizou-se uma revisão bibliométrica de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) que utilizaram probióticos para analisar parâmetros relacionados à saúde bucal. Os estudos recuperados, após busca sistemátia, foram importados e analisados no software VantagePointTM. Análises descritivas foram realizadas nos estudos que utilizaram latícinios como veículos. 'Microbiologia', 'Cárie dentária' e 'Streptococcus mutans' foram as palavras-chave mais destacadas. Suécia e a Índia são os países com maior número de publicações. Os desfechos mais frequentes foram 'parâmetros salivares', 'doença periodontal', 'cárie dentária' e os veículos mais utilizados foram as fórmulas farmacêuticas e laticínios. Os principais produtos lácteos probióticos investigados foram leite, leite fermentado, iogurte, kefir, coalhada e queijo. No terceiro estudo, brasileiros maiores de 18 anos responderam um questionário contendo perguntas sobre conhecimentos e atitudes relacionados ao uso de probióticos. O instrumento foi encaminhado digitalmente para indivíduos de todas as regiões brasileiras. Os dados foram analisados descritiva e estatisticamente. Do total de 1096 participantes, 91,1% já haviam ouvido falar de probióticos, 76,82% souberam identificar que probióticos são microrganismos, 48,7% conheceram os probióticos através de um profissional de saúde, e 37,8% acreditam se tratar de um suplemento alimentar. Mulheres e indivíduos de escolaridade mais alta ouviram falar mais sobre probióticos, demonstraram maior conhecimento e maior consumo, acreditam em seus benefícios para a saúde bucal e aceitaria consumir por indicação. Houve influência das regiões brasileiras nas repostas obtidas sobre a definição de probióticos. Concluiu-se que: 1. o uso de uma lista de emoji parece uma interessante alternativa para realizar a análise emocional de crianças, sendo eficiente na discriminação das amostras; 2. existe uma crescente produção de ECR com probióticos em odontologia, embora sem consenso quanto aos protocolos e cepas probióticos definidas para cada patologia apesar de as espécies de lactobacilos terem sido as mais aplicadas; 3. a maioria dos brasileiros avaliados demonstraram conhecer e consumir probióticos. Além disso ser mulher, possuir maior escolaridade e ser de diferentes regiões influenciaram no padrão das respostas. (AU)

The aim was to evaluate probiotics from different perspectives: 1.Child emotional response to use; 2.Trends of use in clinical studies in dentistry; and 3. knowledge and attitudes of Brazilians. For this, three studies were carried out. The first was composed of two phases. In the first, 32 children and teenagers (7-14 years) selected from a list containing 33 emojis those that represented their emotions regarding the consumption of six milks containing different probiotic cultures. The checkall-that-apply (CATA) method was used to determine the final list of emojis that had a general frequency of choice greater than 10% in at least one sample. In the second phase, the list was applied to 132 participants together with a 9-point hedonic facial scale for general taste assessment. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between general taste and the frequency of emojis chosen from the specific list (p<0.05). Fifteen emojis was applied in the second phase. The formulations with the greatest overall preference were correlated with positive emojis and the least appreciated with negative ones. The second study carried out a bibliometric review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used probiotics related to oral health. The retrieved studies, after a systematic search, were imported and analyzed using the VantagePointTM software. Descriptive analyzes were performed in studies that used dairy products as vehicles. 'Microbiology', 'Dental caries' and 'Streptococcus mutans' were the most prominent keywords. Sweden and India are the countries with the highest number of publications. The most frequent outcomes were 'salivary parameters', 'periodontal disease', 'dental caries' and the most used vehicles were pharmaceutical formulas and dairy products. The main probiotic dairy products investigated were milk, fermented milk, yogurt, kefir, curds and cheese. In the third study, Brazilians over 18 years old answered a questionnaire containing questions about knowledge and attitudes related to the use of probiotics. The instrument was send to individuals from all Brazilian regions. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistically. Of the total of 1096 participants, 91.1% had already heard about probiotics, 76.82% knew how to identify that probiotics are microorganisms, 48.7% knew about probiotics through a health professional, and 37.8% believed they were treated. of a food supplement. Women and individuals with higher education heard more about probiotics, demonstrated greater knowledge and consumption, believed in their benefits for oral health and would agree to consume as recommended. Brazilian regions was influence in the answers about the definition of probiotics. It was concluded that: 1. the use of an emoji list seems an interesting alternative to perform the emotional analysis of children, being efficient in discriminating the samples; 2. there is an increasing production of RCTs with probiotics in dentistry, although there is no consensus regarding the protocols and probiotic strains defined for each pathology, despite the fact that the lactobacilli species have been the most applied; 3. most Brazilians evaluated demonstrated to know and consume probiotics. Furthermore, being a woman, having a higher level of education and being from different regions influenced the pattern of responses. (AU)

uso probiótico no transtorno do espectro autista e na esquizofrenia: revisão narrativa da literatura / Probiotic use in autistic spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: narrative literature review

Introdução: devido à grande prevalência do transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) e da esquizofrenia e o caráter incapacitante dessas patologias, fez-se necessário o desenvolvimento de tratamentos cada vez mais eficientes e com menos efeitos adversos. Sendo a microbiota um regulador da inflamação e tendo esta um papel fundamental na gênese dos transtornos psiquiátricos, o uso de probióticos pode ser uma alternativa segura e com baixo custo para o tratamento complementar das doenças psiquiátricas. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a eficácia do uso de probióticos na redução de sintomas clínicos e gastrointestinais, assim como da segurança no tratamento do TEA e da esquizofrenia. Metodologia: revisão dos estudos em humanos que avaliaram os efeitos terapêuticos dos probióticos no TEA e esquizofrenia. Resultados: foram selecionados 13 estudos, sendo 8 sobre TEA e 5 sobre esquizofrenia, com total de 485 pacientes. As evidências apontam melhora dos sintomas gastrintestinais dos pacientes com TEA e esquizofrenia; entretanto, sem mudanças conclusivas dos sintomas psiquiátricos na esquizofrenia, associado a potencial benefício no TEA. Conclusão: essa revisão sugere que o uso de probióticos tem um potencial benefício nos sintomas comportamentais no TEA, associado à melhora dos sintomas gastrointestinais na esquizofrenia e TEA; entretanto, não se observou mudanças nos sintomas psiquiátricos da esquizofrenia.

Introduction: due to the high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia and the disabling nature of these pathologies, it has become necessary to develop increasingly efficient treatments with less adverse effects. As the microbiota is a regulator of inflammation and having a fundamental role in the genesis of psychiatric disorders, the use of probiotics may be a safe and low-cost alternative for the complementary treatment of psychiatric diseases. Objective: to perform a narrative review on the fficacy of probiotics use in reducing clinical and gastrointestinal symptoms, and adverse effects of the use of probiotics in the treatment of ASD and schizophrenia. Methodology: review of studies in humans that evaluated the therapeutic effects of probiotics on ASD and schizophrenia. Results: 13 studies were selected, 8 on TEA and 5 on schizophrenia, with a total of 485 patients. Evidence points to improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with ASD and schizophrenia; however, there were no conclusive changes in psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia, associated with a potential benefit in ASD. Conclusion: This review suggests that the use of probiotics has a potential benefit in behavioral symptoms in ASD, associated with the improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in schizophrenia and ASD; however, there were no changes in the psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia.